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Learn about cancer, diagnosis, treatment, coping & survivorship These hormones are involved in the body’s “fight or flight” response.Discover information about different types of cancer The adrenal medulla secretes both adrenalin and noradrenalin, also known as epinephrine and norepinephrine respectively. These hormones are responsible for responding to stress using carbohydrates, fats and proteins and regulating the salt and water balance in the body. The adrenal cortex secretes corticosteroids, such as glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. These are part of the “flight or fight” response in reaction to danger. E and NE are cathecholamines that raise the heart rate, heart pumping capacity, blood pressure and rate of breathing. There are two types of cells – E cells that sectrete Epinephrine (E) and NE cells that secrete Norepinephrine (NE). Since these cells stain brown when exposed to chromium salts they are called chromaffin cells. The adrenal medulla has numerous capillaries and venules or thin arteries and veins. This layer secretes androgens like dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), significant in males.

Zona reticularis – This is another thin layer.

This layer also secretes sex steroids like androgens. Cortisol is responsible for control of carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolism. The ZF cells secrete glucocorticoids including hormone cortisol. These cells have typical spongiocyte appearance. The Zone fasciculata – This layer forms around 80% of the whole cortex.It acts on the kidneys, salivary and sweat glands to control reabsoprtion.

This hormone (mainly aldosterone) helps in maintaining the water balance and balance of electrolytes in the body. The ZG cells secrete mineralocorticoid hormones. They contain fewer lipids than other layers. The Zona glumerulosa – Outer layer that is thin and looks like little balls of cells.

The cells with their white fat globules appear like sponges and are thus called spongiocytes. These lipids or fats are the basic molecules from which steroids are formed. Most of the cortex cells contain lipid inclusions or lipid portions. These steroids are all derived from cholesterol. The cortex contains cells that synthesize and secrete glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and certain gonadocorticoids (sex steroid hormones that are also produced in the gonads). Salk scientists find a system-wide, molecular impact of time-restricted eating in mice.New strategies to beat rare tumors of the adrenal gland.Using induced pluripotent stem cells to recreate the adrenal gland in a petri dish.